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Answering the Ali Sina Challenge using a basic common sense and logical approach...

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Answering the Ali Sina Challenge using a basic common sense and logical approach...

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We have learned to manipulating matter and energy since our first existence on Earth, however, never space. Luckily, there is vacuum sharing some properties of space. We can create and shape vacuum to some extent. This experiment will observe the actions of vacuum, mass and energy to derive a logical understanding of space....

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Here, the properties of space is summarized as: • Playing-field for mass, energy, and action. • Massless, shapeless, and weightless. • Actionless or absolute zero. • Contains no energy. • Frictionless or zero viscosity. • Incapable of any interaction. • Coexists with all objects. • Beyond measure. • Absolute independent. • Absolute integrity. It’s properties and location never alter....

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Abstract i Contents ii List of Figures iii List of Tables iii 1 Introduction 1 2 Outline of The Experiment 4 3 Space and Vacuum 5 4 Space and Friction 7 5 Space and Motion 9 6 Space and Expansion 12 7 Space and Compression 14 8 Space and Energy 16 9 Summary 18 10 Appendix- Fundamental Principles 20...

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In The Path to San Damiano four friends are drawn into a search for a mysterious stranger with a reputation for acts of kindness. An unanticipated visit by the FBI and Secret Service adds to their curiosity and strengthens their resolve to find him. Their search takes them to Italy, where the elusive stranger seems just beyond their reach. Then, near the ancient town of Assisi, home of Saint Francis, something extraordinary occurs....

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Mrs. Macy set down her teacup. Peter knew to remain silent. She began, “I want to make sure I understand this situation correctly. Peter observed a man in rags giving a dying man a sip of water. For whatever reason, he was curious about him. He told his friends and we, in an effort to be supportive, joined in a search to find the man. We have not been successful in our search, although we have encountered some interesting stories along the way. Then, suddenly, the FBI and Secret Service show up at our doorstep, looking for the same man, you think. I'm not quite sure why Peter wants to find him, and I am absolutely befuddled as to why you want to find him. You either cannot or may not, but quite assuredly will not, tell us why. Apparently, you want us to trust you. Have you bugged our phones?” Her last words caught the others off guard. The agents looked quickly at each other. Agent Hardy spoke, “Mrs. Macy, we are familiar with your background and past activities. This is a serious matter and we would prefer to go the cooperative route rather than pursuing court orders, search warrants and the like.” 50 “Agent Hardy, ...

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Taking an unusual approach to its topic, “Principles of Anarchism” applies classical logic and deductive reasoning to the subject of human interactions and rights. Beginning with the assumption that all human beings are equal, a concept which is termed the human equality axiom, the author goes on to draw a number of conclusions from this postulate in the manner of a Euclidean proof. These include the surprising contention that no such thing as human rights can exist, the assertion that anarchism is essentially intellectual rather than activist, and the uncomfortable suggestion that historical developments such as cities and industries are harmful to the human race rather than helpful. More centrally, though, the pamphlet argues very simply that any form of authority or government is logically incompatible with the existence of humanity. And it is the implications of this theory, rejection of which requires rejection of the equality axiom as well, which make the argument offered both novel and exceptionally relevant....

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Both quiz and the competitive examinations need a wide database of general knowledge, ways to remember the essentials, and to utilize them at the proper time, during examination, or during a quiz competition. How To Win Quiz & Succeed In Any Exam by Dr Kartik H. Is a book in that direction. The author first gives an idea to build a wide general knowledge base, from the common resources easily available all around us. Next, he explains the tricks and ways, in the form of tools, to memorize this huge collection of general knowledge, in a systematic way. The exercises given in the end of each tool, familiarises us in utilising them. He also tells us exactly how to filter the essentials from non-essentials, and remember only the essentials. Then, the reader is explained the setup of most standard quiz competitions, how to prepare for them and how to face them effectively. By understanding this comprehensive picture of the quiz competition set ups, we are mentally prepared well to face them. Followed by this, the reader is explained how to utilize this general knowledge collection in a logical and systematic way not only in a quiz compet...

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Knowledge Is Power, Fun And an Accomplishment

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Chapter 1- WHY QUIZ? Chapter 2- QUIZ IS A MIND GAME Chapter 3- RESOURCES Chapter 4- QUIZ TOOLS Tool 1: Read / Listen To The Question Carefully Tool 2: Sequentialize To Memorise Tool 3: Memory Tags Tool 4: Internalize The Superlatives Tool 5: Compartmentalize Knowledge Tool 6: Extensive Reading To Build A Good Knowledge Reserve. Tool 7: Beware Of Etsem Facts Tool 8: Connecting The Dots Tool 9: Pattern Recognition Tool 10 Let Us Recall The Tools Chapter 5- THE QUIZ COMPETITION Chapter 6- QUIZ AND EXAMINATIONS Chapter 7- SOME MODEL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SUGGESTED TOOLS TO SOLVE THEM Chapter 8 -ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...

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Taking an unusual approach to its topic, “Principles of Anarchism” applies classical logic and deductive reasoning to the subject of human interactions and rights. Beginning with the assumption that all human beings are equal, a concept which is termed the human equality axiom, the author goes on to draw a number of conclusions from this postulate in the manner of a Euclidean proof. These include the surprising contention that no such thing as human rights can exist, the assertion that anarchism is essentially intellectual rather than activist, and the uncomfortable suggestion that historical developments such as cities and industries are harmful to the human race rather than helpful. More centrally, though, the pamphlet argues very simply that any form of authority or government is logically incompatible with the existence of humanity. And it is the implications of this theory, rejection of which requires rejection of the equality axiom as well, which make the argument offered both novel and exceptionally relevant....

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Bhagavad Gita for Dummies – A book Every Human should Read! This Book explains Bhagavad Gita (Sacred Text) given by Supreme God as Summary in English. The Human (Arjuna) had lot of Questions to Supreme God (Krishna) and he got answers from God for all those. Most of the time to understand those complex words, people giving explanations and interpretation with someone’s life. We are also very comfortable to listen them and read them, but the moment we are back to our normal life, we forget everything. This book is written for you! Considering a common man life like yours! And how to live our life as per the Supreme God’s wordings! What it offers to you: >> All the 18 Chapters of Gita in Plain English >> Interpretations with our Common life examples >> You have funny and logical questions to god; it’s there inside this book >> Guides you to self evaluate, are you ready for it? >> How far you are from your God? Check here Recommended: >> For the one, who wants to practice and experience Bhagavad Gita in Life >> For the one, who wants to understand Gita in its real essence >> For the one, who wants to understand Hi...

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Chapter 1 - The Yoga of Arjuna's Grief Chapter 2 - The Yoga of Knowledge Chapter 3 - The Yoga of Action Chapter 4 -The Yoga of Renunciation of Action Chapter 5 - The Yoga of True Renunciation Chapter 6: The yoga of Self Control Chapter 7- The Yoga of Wise Understanding Chapter 8 - The Yoga of Indestructible Brahma Chapter 9- The Yoga of Royal Secret Chapter 10- The Yoga of Divine Glories Chapter 11- The Yoga of Cosmic Form Chapter 12 - The Yoga of Devotion Chapter 13 - The yoga of the Field and it’s Knower Chapter 14- The Yoga of the Three Gunas Chapter 15 - The Yoga of Supreme Being Chapter 16- The Yoga of Divine and Demonic Chapter 17 - The Yoga of Three fold Faith Chapter 18 - The Yoga of Moksha by Renunciation Conclusion ...

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This paper explores the relationship between Information Warfare (IW) and Public Affairs (PA) and reveals a direct link through the role of propaganda in each. A historical analysis of propaganda in past wars yields lessons which can be applied to formulating PA policy on IW today. In light of the evidence, three possible options emerge regarding the possible IW roles PA might adopt. Option One—a “Hands Off” policy—seeks to avoid any association with IW and represents the current PA approach. Option Two upholds the primacy of truth but acknowledges PA must take an active role in IW. Option Three suggests PA abandon its policy to tell the truth and actively en-gage in all IW activities, including disinformation. This paper finds Option Two as the logical role for PA in today’s environment and concludes with several recommendations to implement the policy....

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . . 1 Notes . . . . 4 2 DEFINING INFORMATION WARFARE AND IDENTIFYING THE PUBLIC AFFAIRS LINK . . . . . 5 Information Warfare and the CNN Factor . . . . 7 Public Affairs and Psychological Operations Roles Begin to Blur . . . . 8 Notes . . . .12 3 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF MILITARY PROPAGANDA . . . . .15 Revolutionary War . . . . . 16 Civil War . . . . .17 Spanish–American War . . . . .18 World War I . . . . .19 World War II: The War against Germany . . . . .21 World War II: The War against Japan . . . . .23 Korea and Vietnam . . . .24 Grenada, Panama, and the Persian Gulf War . . . . . 25 Summary . . . . .27 Notes . . . .28 4 PUBLIC AFFAIRS OPTIONS/IMPLICATIONS FOR INFORMATION WARFARE . . . . .31 Three Public Affairs Path Options . . . . .31 Option One: “Hands Off” . . . .31 Option Two: Public Affairs Conducts Information Warfare, Upholding Primacy of Truth . . . . .34 Option Three: Public Affairs Engages in Information Warfare, Including Disinformation . . . . .38 Notes . . . .40 5 CONCLUSION . . . . .43...

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The Theory Of Interpretive Relativity: A Unified Map Of Literary Theory is a comprehensive study organizing and mapping all literary interpretive theory, from classical philosophy to postmodern theory, into one formulaic model. Interpretive Relativity uses, for its method of organizational strategy, the philosophy of relativism to explain how all theoretical interpretation compliment one another rather than contradict one another. This thesis uses extensive graphs and illustrations to aid in the visualization of how mapping theoretical interpretations is possible. The piece of literature, work of art, that is used through out the study is Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In other words, this thesis show how the philosophy of Einstein’s general theory of relativity could be applied to Hamlet....

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“The long concatenations of simple and easy reasoning which geometricians use in achieving their most difficult demonstrations gave me occasion to imagine that all matters which may enter the human mind were interrelated in the same fashion.” -- René Descartes ...

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I. INTRODUCTION: MATHEMATICAL CONSTRUCT STRATEGIES FOR GRAPHING LITERARY INTERPRETATION THEORIES INTO A VISUAL FIGURE, DEFINING TERMS 1 II. MAPPING LITERARY THEORY: DEFINING THE BODY OF LITERATURE, Ln, AND MESSAGE, EMBODIED IN ART, Ln 10 III. FORMING THE X AXIS: SETTING VALUES FOR X AS SIGN, SIGNIFICATION, AND SIGNAL (X1, X2, X3) 18 X1: Sign, Encoding Meaning 21 X2: Signification: The Three Aspects to the Value X2, Concept in a Medium, X21, X22, X23 23 X3: Signal, Decoding Meaning Plotting the 2s OF B’s X31, X32, X33 30 IV. FORMING THE Y AXIS: THE AUDIENCE’S INFINITE MULTIFARIOUS “REALIZATION” 36 The Search for 1: The Messenger and the Author 38 Y 1: The Author’s text 45 Y 2: The Text 50 Y 3: The World 54 Y 4: The Reader 57 V. FORMING THE Z AXIS: VALUES FOR Z, APPLIED RHETORICAL IDEOLOGY 65 Z 1: Marxist Literary Criticism 67 Z 2: Deconstruction Criticism 71 Z 3: Multicultural Literary Criticism 77 Z 4: Psychoanalytic Literary Criticism 80 Z 5: Liberation Literary Criticism 84 VI. CONCLUSION 87...

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In the history of thought and creation, the decisive events, the great and significant moments, the strongly affirmative stages - then the imposition of the optimizing novelties - have depended on the name and prestige of a personality. Referring to those, we personalize further on. The examples are extremely numerous, even in our nearest past. When we mention a creation - in the largest sense of the term - with the name of the personality who illustrates it most extensively at a given time, we state precisely the specific importance of it; we give it, with other words, the identity to which we can refer continuously with full knowledge and without causing any confusion among the receivers. The facts are called with the name of the man who produced them, and in this way we can compose a parallel onomastic dictionary, in which the work is included in the person’s space, keeping its content. The consecrated proper names evolve through quickly imposed habits, a large range of increments that announce the essential outline of their peak production. No space for ambiguity remains when we address to readers or listeners who are...

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In aesthetics, the paradox means the apparent resolution of an enigmatic situation (the result of such a process is the satisfaction of a distention), the emotional moving force being the unforeseen, the unexpected (which generates and also perturbs a new tension). Therefore, the paradox is simultaneously a conclusion and a provocation, consisting in the concomitance of the opposites, which gives it a real specificity. The paradox is of the nature of an explosive nucleus resulting from the fusion of satisfaction and anxiety. The first situation, during an instant, is derived from the appearance of something with a convincing meaning; the second one, that comes immediately, is the perception of something concealed and absurd. Something, that is dissimulated under the level of the logical acceptance, jumps out abruptly in the main point to consider and constrains to acknowledgment. It looks as if it were an error, but not so big as to take alarm and not even to be clearly inhibited. It is a mechanism of exception in thought, that will accepted with the complicity of a total sympathetic tolerance. The aesthetic behaviour of ...

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Study the contradictory interpretations of double slit experiment. Reasoning the validity of particle-wave duality, uncertainty, chaos, and multi-verses. Fundamental particle can only react precisely with it's environment, and vice versa. Above all, the rest of the universe is the absolute complement of an object. Even a particle, it is impossible for it to be anywhere else at the same time, since anywhere else is it's absolute complement....

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Particle and wave are fundamentally different. Particle is mass of distinct entity, and wave is the reaction of it's complement, which is wide and complex. The participating entities and their actions can not be fully identified. Nonetheless, particle and wave are separate entities. Isn't it scientifically essential to differentiate particle and wave?...

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1 Introduction 2 Current Contradictory Interpretations 2.1 Particle-Wave Duality 2.2 Observation Alters The Outcome 2.3 Uncertainty 2.4 Particles Can Be In Different Places At A Time 3 Anatomy of Double-Slit Device 3.1 The Deficiency of Double-Slit Device 4 A Look at Current Experiment 4.1 Test with Additional Detectors 4.2 Summary 5 Anatomy of Particle and Wave 5.1 Three States of Particle 5.1.1 Particle at Rest 5.1.2 Particle Spin 5.1.3 Particle Translation 5.2 Shape of Wave 5.3 Detection of Particle In Motion 26 6 Restudy the Double-Slit Experiment 6.1 Design 6.1.1 Definitions of the Components 6.1.2 Data Collected 6.1.3 Assumptions Experiment I - Reliability Test Experiment II - Normal Open Slit Test Experiment III - Additional Detectors Experiment IV - Wave Only Test Experiment V - Single Slit Test7 Summary 8 Appendix - Jeopardy of Atomic Experiments 8.1 Submerged Chemical Laboratory 8.2 Electron Cloud and Entanglement 9 Appendix - Fundamental Principles References...

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This book – This Is My Faith – comes to highlight the first science which is Ideology in a simplified dialogue-based style. All can understand its content as it is free from complicated reasoning and difficult demonstration. Some texts have been changed for the sake of simplification as the definitions to the five Principles are also provided. Thus, here we offer you this book in the form of dialogue-based serial stories between two friends seeking only truth and knowledge....

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Hasan: I always encourage believers to ask about their religion. The Hadith says, “ask about your religion until you are called lunatic”, and there is no shame in seeking knowledge, especially when it comes to every day issues. Hasan: The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) was the most forbearing, the most courageous, the most even-handed and the most virtuous of all. He never laid a hand on a woman unless he had their tenderness, married to them or had kinship that permits it. He was the most generous so much that no penny had stayed overnight with him. He did not return home until he had satisfied the needy. He used to mend his foot-wear, patch his garments and help with house-work like chopping the meat with female members of the family (Harem). Moreover, he was the most modest. He did not look sharply at a person. He answered the requests from both the free and the slave. He accepted any gifts even it was a drink of yogurt and he rewarded them for that. He would not accept any alms. He would only get angry for the sake of Allah and not to satisfy himself. He attended funerals. He walked among his enemies unguarded. He was the mos...

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CHAPTER ONE Monotheism (At-Tawhid) CHAPTER TWO Divine justice (Al-‘Adl al-ilahi) CHATPTER THREE Prophecy (Nobowa) CHATPTER FOUR Imamate (Imamah) CHATPTER FIVE The Hereafter (Mi’ad) ...

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This study analyzes the concept of using expendable remotely piloted vehicles (RPV) for strategic offensive airpower. The author first outlines the historical base of the larger category of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). The assessment of this background is that limited UAV development is primarily due to circumstantial historical events, including lack of user support, as opposed to techno-logical restraints. Second, the author addresses strategic offensive airpower. Airpower provides unique advantages to a strategic offensive force. Finally, the author presents a notional scenario involving conceptual expendable RPVs. This scenario provides one theoretical example as to how future forces could employ and control RPVs in a strategic attack. The overall purpose of this paper is to not only highlight the author’s concept of future unmanned aircraft but to also encourage pursuit into all areas that may possess the potential to advance airpower....

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1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . 1 Notes . . . . . 6 2 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND . . . . 9 Notes . . . . .21 3 STRATEGIC OFFENSIVE AIRPOWER . . . .25 Notes . . . . .35 4 MERITS OF EXPENDABILITY . . . . .39 Notes . . . . .59 5 FUTURE NOTIONAL SCENARIO . . . . .63 Notes . . . . .67 6 CONCLUSION . . . .69 Notes . . . . .71...

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This book will take you on a journey, through the eyes and minds of two unlikely heroes. These two amazing, inventive & creative young souls find adventure & create solutions through the use of mathematics, "Om technology", and sharo-logical edutainment as well as creating a multitude of "Harmless but helpful inventions that assist themselves & those that they meet. These heroes make friends where ever they may go while solving many of what some may call "the worlds problems" along the way. This dynamic duo as well as their amazing group of friends find as much joy in Action sports as they do in listening to all of the great adventures of people that have been alive many more years then them. Love, respect, caring, self-confidence,responsibility and joy are the tools of their trade, and they believe that all people can be truly amazing! Get your copy of "An Essential Book of Good" here today so you can feel, and be even more amazing today!...

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"There were no great walls that could stop a free thinking minds path". One just has to simply do the math, create a plan and then just actually commit, and then do whatever the task". "If one was to study the magic of Mathematics or the physics of lifting off, one could create solutions to even inventing a flying skate-snow or surfboard that levitates effortlessly without even the slightest of sounds"....

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Introduction 1) Essential Fabric & Style 2) Fish Faith 3) Life Keys for you & me 4) A Gift for you 5) Then and Now 6) Strange Days 7) Dream Seeds 8) The Great Storm 9) A Brand New Day 10) A friend in Need is a Friend Indeed 11) Success with Persistence ~ The Golden Envelope...

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Beginning with a picture of the Christian's spiritual battlefield, onward to the Bible's depiction of a Godly soldier all the way through to that holy victory that overcomes the world, this book carefully explains why the Christian believer must stand up for Christ and fight the good fight of faith. It explains not only why we must fight but why we must stand and fight together as one Body in Christ, in accordance to the commands of Christ. For those seeking to understand the rationale for spiritual warfare this book will provide solid Biblical evidence and clear and logical reasons and uplifting spiritual support as to "Why We Must Fight!"....

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“Every Christian is called into spiritual battle for the Name of Christ. The Word of God is his weapon. The Spirit of God is his pure teacher and unfailing strength. Christ is his confident armor. Like a well-trained soldier the Christian warrior requires to be ready his spiritual weaponry. His vast artillery are the Holy Scriptures. His ordained method is spiritual warfare.” – From “Why We Must Fight!” by Darrell C. Porter...

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The Battlefield ................................... ................. 5 Soldiers in a City ................,.............. .................. 7 Why the Christian Fights ................................ ........... 8 It’s God’s Created Earth!................................ .......... 11 The Main Objective ..................................... ........... 14 These Last Days ..................................... .............. 15 The Victory That Overcomes the World! ................,............. 17 No Peace for the Wicked .................................... ....... 19 The Will to Fight! .................................. .............. 22 Why Should You Fight?...................................... ........ 26 Key Things to Remember, Why You Must Fight ......................... 32 Destroy Any Doubts & Concerns About Spiritual Warfare............... 34 Together… Fight! ...................................... ............ 36 The Author… ......................................... .............. 40...

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This study analyzes the historical debate between the United States Army (USA) and United States Air Force over the issue of close air support (CAS). Specifically,this study examines four CAS subissues from World War I through the Korean War:priorities in the employment of airpower, the ownership and apportionment of CASassets, the most effective CAS command and control (C2) system, and the debate overwhether to procure a single or multipurpose CAS aircraft. The case study herein analyzes the CAS philosophy of Lt Gen Edward Mallory Almond, USA. The author reasoned that General Almond’s diverse background in Army, Navy, and Air Force theory and employment would make him a logical candidate for a study. While his opinions are much more complex than this abstract can do justice to, General Almond’s CAS thoughts evolved to the following: (1) Air priorities should first be, air superiority, CAS second, and then interdiction and strategic attack;(2) The Army should maintain operational control of sufficient (meaning “lots of”)CAS air assets and practice decentralized control (down to the division or corps level); (3) The services should b...

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INTRODUCTION . . . . 1 CLOSE AIR SUPPORT: WORLD WAR I THROUGH WORLD WAR II . . . . 5 CLOSE AIR SUPPORT: THE KOREAN WAR . . . . . 29 CLOSE AIR SUPPORT: A GROUND COMMANDER’S PERSPECTIVE . . . . . 51 CONCLUSIONS . . . . . 69...

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The United States has over the last 16 years demonstrated amazing proficiency in winning military campaigns, but failure in securing “a better peace” as Basil Liddell Hart advocated. There is a need for an interagency analysis model, owned by the National Security Council (NSC), that can determine how the different instruments of power (IOP) can contribute to the achievement of the national strategic objectives, including which combination of IOPs is most efficient, but it must also bridge the strategic level of war to the operational and tactical levels. Therefore, this paper proposes an analysis model based on Dr. Joseph L. Strange’s center of gravity (COG) model, Robert Pape’s concept of coercion, and effects-based operations (EBO). The model could create unity of effort in utilization of all national and international IOPs and in securing the necessary linkage among the three levels of war to affect the adversary’s will and his strategy....

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This representation is closer to the human mind reasoning. It characterizes/ catches the imprecision of knowledge or linguistic inexactitude received by various observers (that's why T, I, F are subsets - not necessarily single-clements), Uncertainty due to incomplete knowledge or acquisition errors or stochasticity (that's why the subset I exists), and vagueness due to lack of clear contours or limits (that's why T, I, Fare subsets and I exists; in particular for the appurtenance to the neutrosophic sets)....

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In this book, we consider various many-valued logics: standard, linear, hyperbolic, parabolic, non-Archimedean, p -adic, interval, neutrosophic, etc. We survey also results which show the tree different proof-theoretic frameworks for many-valued logics, e.g. frameworks of the following deductive calculi: Hilbert ’s style, sequent, and hypersequent. Recall that hypersequents are a natural generalization of Gentzen ’s style sequents that was introduced independently by Avron and Pottinger . In particular, we examine Hilbert ’s style, sequent, and hypersequent calculi for infinite-valued logics based on the three fundamental continuous t-norms: Lukasiewicz ’s, Godel ’s, and Product logics....

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1.1 Neutrality concept in logic Every point of view A tends to be neutralized, diminished, balanced by Non-A. At the same time, in between A and Non-A there are infinitely many points of view Neut-A. Let’s note by A an idea, or proposition, theory, event, concept, entity, by Non-A what is not A, and by Anti-A the opposite of A. Neut-A means what is neither A nor Anti-A, i.e. neutrality is also in between the two extremes. ...

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1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.1 Neutrality concept in logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2 Neutrality and non-Archimedean logical multiple-validity . . . . 10 1.3 Neutrality and neutrosophic logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 First-order logical language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2 Hilbert’s type calculus for classical logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.3 Sequent calculus for classical logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3 n -valued Lukasiewicz’s logics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.1 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.2 Originality of (p + 1)-valued Lukasiewicz’s logics . . . . . . . . . 30 3.3 n-valued Lukasiewicz’s calculi of Hilbert’s type . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.4 Sequent calculi for n-valued Lukasiewicz’s logics . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.5 Hypersequent calculus for 3-valued Lukasiewicz’s propositional logic . . . . . . . . . . . .37 4 Infinite valued Lukasiewicz’s logics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 4.1 Prelimi...

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Postings on Wikipedia Ezhava Page I had done some postings on the Wikipedia Ezhava Talk Page, I did it without much deliberation, first. This first post generated a lot of retorts and reactions. This compelled me to give more answers. There were a lot acrimonious reactions to this. Many of my posts were simply deleted, or vandalised with someone posting obnoxious sentences into it. Moreover, since there was a lot of manipulation going on in my writings, with some of the alterations verging on dangerous provocative themes, I felt that there is need to maintain the integrity of my writings. So I am keeping a parallel copy of my posts in the Wikepedia Ezhava Talk Page here. So that anyone who desires to understand the continuity and logical progression of the themes, can come here and get the full gist. No other persons posts in the Wikipedia Ezhava Talk Page will be copied or posted here. In all posts, proper links to the Wikepedia Talk Page shall be given, for the interested reader to understand the context of the writings. It may be mentioned in passing that I do not have any caste feelings. I do not vouch for the o...

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The creation of a book is an act that requires several preconditions. I) An interesting and worthwhile subject; 2) A fair, yet demanding editor.; 3) Someone willing to put the words on paper. Given the existence of these three items, the leap to making the book a good one becomes the responsibility of the author. The Smarandache function is simultaneously a logical extension to earlier functions in number theory as well as a key to many future paths of exploration. As such, it is hoped that you get as much out of this book as the author did in writing it. While all books are a collective work, the responsibility for any errors ultimately falls to the author, and this is no exception....

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As one of the oldest of mathematical disciplines, the roots of number theory extend back into antiquity. Problems are often easy to state, but extremely difficult to solve. Which is the origin of much of their charm. All mathematicians, amateurs and professionals alike, have a soft spot in their hearts for the "purity" of the integers. When "Fermat's Last Theorem" was finally proven after centuries of effort, the result was discussed on many major news shows in the US. Brief comments also appeared in the major weekly news magazines....

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Spanning periods spent in a vast range of locations, an identifiable style begins to crystallize, which links seemingly disparate expressions, heedless of media employed. A forthright, earnest, and earthy vein courses through the works of Jesse Waugh, as he endeavors to deliver pulchritude manifest. The compendium concludes with The Pulchrist Manifesto, which should serve to define the art movement which has been inaugurated by Jesse Waugh....

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I first noticed Jesse Waugh as a young student at L.A.City College in 1995. He would sit in the History of Cinema class, on the right hand side of one of the front rows of the college movie theater, with his roaring twenties-style, buzzed-on-the-back-and-sides, neatly-combed-on-top haircut. When I saw him working at the Temporary Contemporary Art Museum downtown I approached him to model for some photos, not realizing how well my offer fit into his particular style of self-expression. The intention behind Jesse’s art, while it can’t be pinned down in a few words, has a lot to do with exploring—or a more precise word might be celebrating—the self and the ego. His work is informed by his religious upbringing in a California church with a doctrine based in Hinduism. While riffing on the church’s mythology and iconography, Jesse’s art is in part a howl of dissent against its core ideas, or at least the way they have become codified. There’s a concept I once heard expressed by Guru Singh of Yoga West—one of the pre-eminent American teachers of Kundalini Yoga—that rather than suppressing the ego, we should work to expand it out to infi...

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FOREWARD 4 INTRODUCTION 5 FILM 7 OBJECTS 23 IMAGES 43 PERFORMANCES 63 MUSIC 71 ARCHITECTURE 79 GALLERY 93 LOGOS 113 PUBLICATIONS 115 PRODUCTS 125 THE PULCHRIST MANIFESTO 141...

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DISCLAIMER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii ABOUT THE AUTHOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1 PREPARING TO TALK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Types of Speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Briefing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Teaching Lecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Audience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Audience Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Audience Attitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Selecting the Subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Narrowing the Subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Choosing a Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 General Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Specific Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Gathering Material . . . . . . . . . . ....

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For most of the 20th century, both relativity and star travel fascinated this writer. The reasons Albert Einstein concluded there is an absolute barrier at the speed of light seemed at first clear, then later not so clear upon closer examination. "The speed of light relative to what?" I often asked anyone who would listen. The common response was, "Light needs no specification of that kind; its speed is the same no matter who measures it." "That's true." I would respond; "That's just the second postulate of special relativity which is not in doubt; but that postulate applies to light, and we're talking about rocketships here." However it seemed that no one understood what I was saying. By referring to the universal constant c= 299.792 458 megameters per second as "the speed of light," we paint ourselves into a logical corner in which light is automatically taken as the subject of discussion even when it is not. The careful reader will know not to immediately think "light" when he hears or reads "the speed of light." But it is better to have a neutral name for that universal constant. It has been called the Lorentz speed; Ignaz...

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One's reach should exceed one's grasp. Thus we reach for Alpha Centauri with a round-trip manned and womanned mission as the proposed overarching goal under a clear plan of exploration - a grand experiment described in later chapters. Whether or not we succeed in grasping the goal under this or under any plan is not as important as it is to set a definite plan and work towards its goal. The plan outlined here is in two phases: Phase one has a high probability of success, given the required propulsion system; the chances of phase two working will be indicated by results obtained from phase one. A fundamental problem is the one of propulsion. It is important to the working of this plan, a highly optimistic one, that the engine be capable of a sustained acceleration of ¼ G in phase one and 1G in phase two. (1G = 9.80665 m/s2) Such an engine is within the reach of present ideas....

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Prefaces. 6 -- Ch.1. Introduction . 11 -- Ch.2. The Human Barrier. 14 -- Ch.3. An Overview. 18 -- Ch.4. Acceleration Due to Light Pressure. 21 -- Ch.5. Light Sailing is Not All There Is. 27 -- Ch.6. Einstein's Light Barrier. 32 -- Ch.7. The Phase One Experiment: The First Starship. 37 -- Ch.8. The Phase Two Experiment: Alpha Centauri or Bust!. 45 -- Ch.9. Voyage to the Center of the Galaxy. 50 -- Ch.10. An Hypothesis: There is no Speed Barrier in the Universe. 52 --...

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Sustainability of the environment implies both wishful thinking and ignorance – ignorance of the reality that natural systems are complex and unfathomable by scientists, and that repetition of research outputs depend on repetition of initial and all subsequent conditions. Scientific insights provide knowledge, but it is partial in most cases, and when applied is often subject to conflicting objectives, which in turn produce conditions that affect outcomes - thus our best efforts to predict natural outcomes are usually flawed. We further display our ignorance in seeking social sustainability while we behave inequitably towards groups other than ‘us’ and invoke spurious reasoning to justify further research. The effect of ignorant self-interest is played out daily in our largest intervention in the natural environment – agriculture, which is why agriculture provides perhaps the best model for consideration of the ideal of sustainability. From ancient Asian wisdom through modern global forces and technology to the central environmental issue of food production, we have identified some necessary conditions for sustainability. Yet, ou...

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Table of Contents Author and Publisher Information iii Acknowledgements ix Author’s Foreword xi Chapter 1 Stepping Back to Survey the Landscape 1 Chapter 2 The Unacknowledged Debt to Asia: A Different Agricultural and Environmental Reality 13 Agriculture’s Legacy 14 Agricultural Origins 15 Contact with the West 23 Religion, Nature and Agriculture 26 ‘Indianised’ Agriculture 31 Secular Approaches 34 Common Heritage 38 Chapter 3 Global Development Forces on Agriculture and the Environment 41 Agricultural Environments 43 Global Development Forces 51 Sustainable Development and Traditions 56 Sustainability: A Local or Foreign Influence? 59 Practical Alternatives 61 24 Sustainability: Elusive or Illusion? Wise Environmental Intervention Policy Implications 63 Chapter 4 Technology and Food Needs: GMOs for GFN: Genetically Modified Organisms and Global Food Needs 69 Global Food Needs 72 GMO Technologies 74 Revisiting the Green Revolution 76 Issues and Risks 79 Making a Decision 81 Chapter 5 Re-conceiving Food Security & Environmental Protection 87 Feeling Secure 89 The IFPRI World Food Situation 91 Conventional Consideratio...

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This book was intended to discuss some paradoxes in Quantum Mechanics from the viewpoint of Multi-Valued-logic pioneered by Lukasiewicz, and a recent concept Neutrosophic Logic. Essentially, this new concept offers new insights on the idea of ‘identity’, which too often it has been accepted as given....

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2 Lukasiewicz Multi-Valued-logic: History and Introduction to Multi- Valued Algebra 2.1 Introduction to trivalent logic and plurivalent logic We all have heard of typical binary logic, Yes or No. Or in a famous phrase by Shakespeare: “To be or not to be.” In the same way all computer hardwares from early sixties up to this year are built upon the same binary logic. It is known that the Classical Logic, also called Bivalent Logic for taking only two values {0, 1}, or Boolean Logic from British mathematician George Boole (1815-64), was named by the philosopher Quine (1981) “sweet simplicity.” [57] But this typical binary logic is not without problems. In the light of aforementioned ‘garment analogue’, we can compare this binary logic with a classic black-and-white tuxedo. It is timeless design, but of course you will not wear it for all occasions. Aristotle himself apparently knew this problem; therefore he introduced new terms ‘contingency’ and ‘possibility’ into his modal logic [5]. And then American logician Lewis first formulated these concepts of logical modality. ...

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Contents Foreword 6 1 Introduction: Paradoxes, Lukasiewicz, Multi-Valued logic 7 2 Lukasiewicz Multi-Valued Logic: History and Introduction to Multi-Valued Algebra 10 2.1. Introduction to trivalent logic and plurivalent logic 10 2.2. History of Lukasiewicz and Multi-Valued Logic 12 2.3. Introduction to Multi-Valued Algebra, Chang’s Notation 15 2.4. Linkage between Multi-Valued Logic and Quantum Mechanics 15 2.5. Exercise 17 3 Neutrosophy 25 3.1. Introduction to Neutrosophy 25 3.2. Introduction to Non-Standard Analysis 26 3.3. Definition of Neutrosophic Components 27 3.4. Formalization 28 3.5. Evolution of an Idea 30 3.6. Definition of Neutrosophic Logic 31 3.7. Differences between Neutrosophic Logic and IFL 32 3.8. Operations with Sets 33 3.9. Generalizations 34 4 Schrödinger Equation 39 4.1. Introduction 39 4.2. Quantum wave dynamics and classical dynamical system 43 4.3. A new derivation of Schrödinger-type Equation 45 5 Solution to Schrödinger’s Cat Paradox 47 5.1. Standard interpretation 47 5.2. Schrödinger’s Cat Paradox 48 5.3. Hidden-variable hypothesis 50 5.4. Hydrodynamic viewpoint and diffusion i...

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Applications demonstrate the power of the DSmT framework. In this third Volume, DSmT is applied to the entire spectrum of the Information Fusion that would interest any reader in data, sensor, information, and mathematical fusion topics. Highlighted in Figure 1 are the contemporary issues that include the links between (1) data conditioning and information management, (2) combined situation and impact assessment, and (2) knowledge representation between machine processing and user coordination. Various applications leverage DSmT “Advances” listed above along with DSmH (hybrid), DSmP (Probabilistic), and DSmT theoretical insights. The third volume attacks these application issues of coordination between the “levels” of information fusion....

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Part I Advances on DSmT 1 Chapter 1 An introduction to DSmT 3 by J. Dezert and F. Smarandache 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2 Foundations of DSmT . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 The power set, hyper-power set and super-power set . . 6 1.2.2 Notion of free and hybrid DSm models . . . . 18 1.2.3 Generalized belief functions . . . . . . 20 1.2.4 The classic DSm rule of combination . . . . . 21 1.2.5 The hybrid DSm rule of combination . . . . . 22 1.2.6 Examples of combination rules . . . . . . 24 1.2.7 Fusion of imprecise beliefs . . . . . . 29 1.3 Proportional Conflict Redistribution rule . . . . . 33 1.3.1 PCR formulas . . . . . . . . . 34 1.3.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . 35 1.3.3 Zadeh’s example . . . . . . . . 39 1.4 Uniform and partially uniform redistribution rules . . . 41 1.5 RSC Fusion rules . . . . . . . . . 43 1.6 The generalized pignistic transformation (GPT) . . . . 45 1.6.1 The classical pignistic transformation . . . . 45 1.6.2 Notion of DSmcardinality . . . . . . 46 1.6.3 The Generalized Pignistic Transformation . . . 47 1.7 The DSmP transformation . . . . . . . 48 1.7.1 The Probabilistic In...

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This second book devoted on advances and applications of Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) for information fusion collects recent papers from different researchers working in engineering and mathematics. Part 1 of this book presents the current state-of-the-art on theoretical investigations while, Part 2 presents several applications of this new theory. Some ideas in this book are still under current development or improvements, but we think it is important to propose them in order to share ideas and motivate new debates with people interested in new reasoning methods and information fusion. So, we hope that this second volume on DSmT will continue to stir up some interests to researchers and engineers working in data fusion and in artificial intelligence....

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Preamble iii Prefaces v Part I Advances on DSmT 1 Chapter 1 Proportional Conflict Redistribution Rules for Information Fusion 3 by Florentin Smarandache and Jean Dezert 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 The principal rules of combination . . . . . . . 6 1.2.1 Notion of total and partial conflicting masses . . . . . 6 1.2.2 The conjunctive rule . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.3 The disjunctive rule . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.4 Dempster’s rule of combination . . . . . . . 8 1.2.5 Smets’ rule of combination . . . . . . . 9 1.2.6 Yager’s rule of combination . . . . . . . 9 1.2.7 Dubois & Prade’s rule of combination . . . . . . 9 1.2.8 The hybrid DSm rule . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 The general weighted operator (WO) . . . . . . . 11 1.4 The weighted average operator (WAO) . . . . . . . 12 1.4.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4.2 Example for WAO . . . . . . . . . 13 1.4.3 Limitations of WAO . . . . . . . . . 13 1.5 Daniel’s minC rule of combination . . . . . . . 14 1.5.1 Principle of the minC rule . . . . . . . 14 1.5.2 Example for minC . . . . . . . . . 15 1.6 Principle of the PCR rules . . . . . . . . . 20 1.7 The...

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The first issue of the Kamehameha Journal of Education was published in January 1990 to share ideas, strategies, and research about the education of Hawaii's children. The Journal grew from 1,000 copies to 3,500 copies per issue over a period of six years. Hana Hou is a collection of articles from all twelve issues that represents the breadth of topics the Journal explored. We saw this journal as a chance to improve education and bring important information, strategies, views, and data to educators. We saw it as a vehicle for change: a chance to inform the education of Hawaii's children through research, successful practice, and curriculum and instruction that was relevant, interesting, and meaningful for students. Most of all, we wanted to make a difference for children. The Journal was more than a record of information or a vehicle for authors who were already writing for national journals. Rather, the editors, coming from a variety of disciplines including education, anthropology, clinical psychology, and the Kamehameha Elementary Education Program (KEEP) were able to identify methods and research that were effective and...

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Teaching and learning can—and does—go on in strange places. For so long, parents and teachers delegated learning to a formal setting with four walls, books, and a teacher teaching. Yet, those same parents and teachers taught children many unplanned—and often unintended—attitudes, language, and knowledge outside those walls. We learn from everything we do and the keys are our models and the richness of the learning environment. The three articles in this section describe how experiential, hands-on learning in widely varied contexts beyond the formal classroom may be more exciting, meaningful, memorable, and useful than the traditional style of education that students are largely accustomed to. Editors Gisela Speidel and Kristina Inn describe an unforgettable learning experience with master navigator Nainoa Thompson in “The Ocean Is My Classroom. ” Nainoa describes his path of learning from those who loved and cared for him through what felt like irrelevant school experiences, to his education aboard the Hokulea. In “A Hitchhiker's Guide to Technology,” Ian Jamieson shows us how to make a subject—as abstract and difficult...

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Introduction. 3 -- The Ocean Is My Classroom-Gisela E. Speidel & Kristina Inn Fall 1994. 7 -- A Hitchhiker's Guide To Technology-Ian Jamieson Summer 1995. 19 -- Home Schooling: A Way Of Life L.-Sierra Knight Fall 1994. 31 -- Learning And Teaching The Hula-Mele Ah Ho Fall 1994. 41 -- Information Literacy: A Challenge For Critical Thinking-Elaine Blitman Summer 1995. 49 -- An ?ohana Of Writing Teachers-Joy Marsella Fall 1993. 55 -- Eric Chock: Poet In The Schools-Wendie Yumori Spring 1993. 71 -- Whole Language: Some Thoughts-Ramona Newton Hao March 1991. 83 -- Methods: Teaching And Learning Principles-Anthony J. Picard & Donald B. Young September 1990. 93 -- Encouraging Voluntary Reading-Alice J. Kawakami January 1990 -- 109 -- Cultural Aspects Of Learning And Teaching The Child As A Member Of A Culture-Ginger Fink May 1990. 117 -- Becoming A Teacher In A Multicultural Classroom-Virgie Chattergy Fall 1993. 123 -- The Role Of Culture In Minority School Achievement-Cathie Jordan Fall 1992. 135 -- Kula Kaiapuni: Hawaiian Immersion Schools-Lilikala Kame?eleihiwa Fall 1992. 151 -- When Children Don't Speak The Language Of Instruction-Gisel...

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This book is devoted to an emerging branch of Information Fusion based on new approach for modeling the fusion problematic when the information provided by the sources is both uncertain and (highly) conflicting. This approach, known in literature as DSmT (standing for Dezert-Smarandache Theory), proposes new useful rules of combinations. We gathered in this volume a presentation of DSmT from the beginning to the latest development. Part 1 of this book presents the current state-of-the-art on theoretical investigations while Part 2 presents several applications of this new theory. We hope that this first book on DSmT will stir up some interests to researchers and engineers working in data fusion and in artificial intelligence. Many simple but didactic examples are proposed throughout the book. As a young emerging theory, DSmT is probably not exempt from improvements and its development will continue to evolve over the years. We just want through this book to propose a new look at the Information Fusion problematic and open a new track to attack the combination of information....

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Preamble xi Prefaces xiii I Advances on DSmT 1 1 Presentation of DSmT 3 1.1 Introduction . . . . . 3 1.2 Short introduction to the DST . . . . 5 1.2.1 Shafer’s model and belief functions . . . 5 1.2.2 Dempster’s rule of combination . . . 5 1.2.3 Alternatives to Dempster’s rule of combination . . . 6 1.2.4 The discounting of sources of evidence . . . 10 1.3 Foundations of the DSmT . . . . 11 1.3.1 Notion of free and hybrid DSm models . . . 11 1.3.2 Notion of hyper-power set D_ . . . 13 1.3.3 Generalized belief functions . . . . 15 1.3.4 The classic DSm rule of combination . . . 16 1.3.5 The hybrid DSm rule of combination . . . 17 1.3.6 On the refinement of the frames . . . 18 1.3.7 On the combination of sources over different frames . . . 20 1.4 Comparison of different rules of combinations . . . 21 1.4.1 First example . . . . . 21 1.4.2 Second example . . . . 25 1.4.3 Third example . . . . 26 1.4.4 Fourth example . . . . 27 1.4.5 Fifth example . . . . . 27 1.5 Summary . . . . . 29 1.6 References . . . . . 31 2 The generation of hyper-power sets 37 2.1 Introduction . . . . . 37 2.2 Definition of hyper-po...

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“I like the idea of mental synthesis very much ... I quite agree that language evolved in a way that facilitates synthesis and transmission of the synthesized mental image. ... I don't think there can be much doubt, purely conceptually, that language was a late arrival. Whatever mutation provided the key to it would have had no selectional advantage at all, and would have just been a useless “organ,” if it could not have linked up to pre-existing thought systems.” —NOAM CHOMSKY, Professor Emeritus of Linguistics, MIT “Boston University’s Andrey Vyshedskiy brings a neuroscientist’s perspective to the discussion of human mental history in On the Origin of the Human Mind.” —Scientific American Mind (July 2009) “I found the Mental Synthesis theory stimulating and provocative. The author puts forward an explanation for the evolution of the human mind based on predator detection that led to increased visual mental analysis which set the stage for visual mental syntheses. The author presents an impressive array of recent research on the brain with up to date references that are highly relevant to his case and the origin of mi...

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Introduction While studying the neuroscience of consciousness, I was struck with certain facts about mental imagery that seemed to shed some light on the process of the evolution of the human mind. The origin of the human mind remains one of the greatest mysteries of all times. The last 150 years, since Charles Darwin proposed that species evolve under the influence of natural selection (Darwin C, 1859), have been marked by great discoveries. Molecular biology described the genetic principles underlying species evolution and identified specific changes in the human genome since our lineage split off from the chimpanzee line about six million years ago (Somel M, 2013). Great paleontological discoveries have filled that span of six million years of human evolution with a number of intermediate species that display both human- and ape-like characteristics. However, the discussion of the evolution of the human intellect and specific forces that shaped the underlying brain evolution is as vigorous today as it was in Darwin’s times. At the center of the predicament about the origin of the human mind lies the question of human uniqu...

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Introduction 1 Part 1. Neuroscience of imagination 5 Chapter 1. Object encoding in the brain 6 Chapter 2. Neuronal synchronization 26 Chapter 3. Imagining new objects 32 Chapter 4. External manifestations of mental synthesis 39 Chapter 5. Humans versus animals 80 Chapter 6: Overall Discussion of Part 1 108 Part 2. Evolution of the Human Mind 135 Chapter 7. Introduction: a quick guide to paleoanthropology 136 Chapter 8. Cognitive evolution through the prism of paleontological evidence 160 Chapter 9. Evolutionary pressure drives better predator detection 191 Chapter 10. Overall Discussion of Part 2 219 Part 3. The “last” mutation 254 Chapter 11. The role of the prefrontal cortex in the process of mental synthesis 256 Chapter 12. Evolution of the prefrontal cortex 277 Conclusions 327 A wish list of experiments 339 Appendix 367 Acknowledgments 400 Bibliography 401 Illustrations credits 428 About the author 430 ...

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The fourth volume, in my book series of “Collected Papers”, includes 100 published and unpublished articles, notes, (preliminary) drafts containing just ideas to be further investigated, scientific souvenirs, scientific blogs, project proposals, small experiments, solved and unsolved problems and conjectures, updated or alternative versions of previous papers, short or long humanistic essays, letters to the editors...

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This short technical paper advocates a bootstrapping algorithm from which we can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary bone tumour, if it is indeed Ewing’s osteosarcoma, cannot increase in volume beyond some critical limit without showing metastasis. We propose a statistical method to extrapolate such critical limit to primary tumour volume. Our model does not involve any physiological variables but rather is entirely based on time series observations of increase in primary tumour volume from the point of initial detection to the actual detection of metastases....

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Collected Eclectic Ideas - preface by the author.............................3 Contents....................................................6 ASTRONOMY..................................14 1. First Lunar Space Base, project proposal, by V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache..15 2. On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache..................28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY......................................40 4. Statistical Modeling of Primary Ewing Tumors of the Bone, by Sreepurna Malakar, Florentin Smarandache, Sukanto Bhattacharya, in in , Vol. 3, No. JJ05, 81-88, 2005................41 CALCULUS....................................53 5. A Triple Inequality with Series and Improper Integrals, by Florentin Smarandache, in Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 25E, No. 1, 215-217, 2006.........54 6. Immediate Calculation of Some Poisson Type Integrals Using SuperMathematics Circular Ex-Centric Functions, by Florentin Smarandache & Mircea Eugen................................

Description Details
The fourth volume, in my book series of “Collected Papers”, includes 100 published and unpublished articles, notes, (preliminary) drafts containing just ideas to be further investigated, scientific souvenirs, scientific blogs, project proposals, small experiments, solved and unsolved problems and conjectures, updated or alternative versions of previous papers, short or long humanistic essays, letters to the editors...

Excerpt Details
This short technical paper advocates a bootstrapping algorithm from which we can form a statistically reliable opinion based on limited clinically observed data, regarding whether an osteo-hyperplasia could actually be a case of Ewing’s osteosarcoma. The basic premise underlying our methodology is that a primary bone tumour, if it is indeed Ewing’s osteosarcoma, cannot increase in volume beyond some critical limit without showing metastasis. We propose a statistical method to extrapolate such critical limit to primary tumour volume. Our model does not involve any physiological variables but rather is entirely based on time series observations of increase in primary tumour volume from the point of initial detection to the actual detection of metastases....

Table of Contents Details
Collected Eclectic Ideas - preface by the author.............................3 Contents....................................................6 ASTRONOMY..................................14 1. First Lunar Space Base, project proposal, by V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache..15 2. On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System, by V. Christianto, F. Smarandache..................28 3. Open and Solved Elementary Questions in Astronomy, by Florentin Smarandache.. 36 BIOLOGY......................................40 4. Statistical Modeling of Primary Ewing Tumors of the Bone, by Sreepurna Malakar, Florentin Smarandache, Sukanto Bhattacharya, in in , Vol. 3, No. JJ05, 81-88, 2005................41 CALCULUS....................................53 5. A Triple Inequality with Series and Improper Integrals, by Florentin Smarandache, in Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 25E, No. 1, 215-217, 2006.........54 6. Immediate Calculation of Some Poisson Type Integrals Using SuperMathematics Circular Ex-Centric Functions, by Florentin Smarandache & Mircea Eugen................................